Dr. Timothy R. Billiar, M.D.: Publications and Grants
		Publications: 1.  Turler A, Kalff JC, Moore BA, Hoffman RA, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ.  Leukocyte-Derived Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Murine Postoperative Ileus. Ann Surg. 2006 Aug;244(2):220-229. 2.  Izuishi K, Tsung A, Jeyabalan G, Critchlow ND, Li J, Tracey KJ, Demarco RA, Lotze MT, Fink MP, Geller DA, Billiar TR. Cutting edge: high-mobility group box 1 preconditioning protects against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol. 2006 Jun 15;176(12):7154-8. 3.  Raman KG, Sappington PL, Yang R, Levy RM, Prince JM, Liu S, Watkins SK, Schmidt AM, Billiar TR, Fink MP. The role of RAGE in the pathogenesis of intestinal barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Jun 1; 4.  Levy RM, Prince JM, Yang R, Mollen KP, Liao H, Watson GA, Fink MP, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Systemic Inflammation and Remote Organ Damage Following Bilateral Femur Fracture Requires Toll-like Receptor 4. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 May 4; 5.  Kim HS, Loughran PA, Kim PK, Billiar TR, Zuckerbraun BS. Carbon monoxide protects hepatocytes from TNF-alpha/Actinomycin D by inhibition of the caspase-8-mediated apoptotic pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jun 16;344(4):1172-8. Epub 2006 Apr 6. 6.  Wang Y, Kim PK, Peng X, Loughran P, Vodovotz Y, Zhang B, Billiar TR. Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP suppress TNFalpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting FADD up-regulation via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Apoptosis. 2006 Mar;11(3):441-51. 7.  Prince JM, Levy RM, Yang R, Mollen KP, Fink MP, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling mediates hepatic injury and systemic inflammation in hemorrhagic shock. J Am Coll Surg. 2006 Mar;202(3):407-17. Epub 2006 Jan 18. 8.  Neal MD, Leaphart C, Levy R, Prince J, Billiar TR, Watkins S, Li J, Cetin S, Ford H, Schreiber A, Hackam DJ. Enterocyte TLR4 mediates phagocytosis and translocation of bacteria across the intestinal barrier. J Immunol. 2006 Mar 1;176(5):3070-9. 9.  Levy RM, Prince JM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide: a clinical primer. Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec;33(12 Suppl):S492-5. Review. No abstract available. 10.  Bagci EZ, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR, Ermentrout GB, Bahar I. Bistability in apoptosis: roles of bax, bcl-2, and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Biophys J. 2006 Mar 1;90(5):1546-59. Epub 2005 Dec 9. 11.  Tsung A, Hoffman RA, Izuishi K, Critchlow ND, Nakao A, Chan MH, Lotze MT, Geller DA, Billiar TR. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury involves functional TLR4 signaling in nonparenchymal cells. J Immunol. 2005 Dec 1;175(11):7661-8. 12.  Stoyanovsky DA, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Anand D, Mandavia DN, Gius D, Ivanova J, Pitt B, Billiar TR, Kagan VE. Thioredoxin and lipoic acid catalyze the denitrosation of low molecular weight and protein S-nitrosothiols. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Nov 16;127(45):15815-23. 13.  Fan J, Li Y, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR, Wilson MA. Hemorrhagic shock-activated neutrophils augment TLR4 signaling-induced TLR2 upregulation in alveolar macrophages: role in hemorrhage-primed lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):L738-L746. Epub 2005 Nov 4. 14.  Kim CY, Jeong M, Mushiake H, Kim BM, Kim WB, Ko JP, Kim MH, Kim M, Kim TH, Robbins PD, Billiar TR, Seol DW. Cancer gene therapy using a novel secretable trimeric TRAIL. Gene Ther. 2006 Feb;13(4):330-8. 15.  Kim PK, Vallabhaneni R, Zuckerbraun BS, McCloskey C, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Hypoxia renders hepatocytes susceptible to cell death by nitric oxide. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2005 Sep 5;51(3):329-35. 16.  Loughran PA, Stolz DB, Vodovotz Y, Watkins SC, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.  Monomeric inducible nitric oxide synthase localizes to peroxisomes in hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 27;102(39):13837-42. Epub 2005 Sep 19. 17.  Oh HY, Namkoong S, Lee SJ, Por E, Kim CK, Billiar TR, Han JA, Ha KS, Chung HT, Kwon YG, Lee H, Kim YM. Dexamethasone protects primary cultured hepatocytes from death receptor-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of cFLIP. Cell Death Differ. 2006 Mar;13(3):512-23. 18.  Chen T, Pearce LL, Peterson J, Stoyanovsky D, Billiar TR. Glutathione depletion renders rat hepatocytes sensitive to nitric oxide donor-mediated toxicity. Hepatology. 2005 Sep;42(3):598-607. 19.  Nakao A, Murase N, Ho C, Toyokawa H, Billiar TR, Kanno S. Biliverdin administration prevents the formation of intimal hyperplasia induced by vascular injury. Circulation. 2005 Jul 26;112(4):587-91. Epub 2005 Jul 18. 20.  Lagoa CE, Vodovotz Y, Stolz DB, Lhuillier F, McCloskey C, Gallo D, Yang R, Ustinova E, Fink MP, Billiar TR, Mars WM. The role of hepatic type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) during murine hemorrhagic shock. Hepatology. 2005 Aug;42(2):390-9. 21.  Chow CC, Clermont G, Kumar R, Lagoa C, Tawadrous Z, Gallo D, Betten B, Bartels J, Constantine G, Fink MP, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. The acute inflammatory response in diverse shock states. Shock. 2005 Jul;24(1):74-84. 22.  Zuckerbraun BS, McCloskey CA, Gallo D, Liu F, Ifedigbo E, Otterbein LE, Billiar TR. Carbon monoxide prevents multiple organ injury in a model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Shock. 2005 Jun;23(6):527-32. 23.  Scott MJ, Liu S, Su GL, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Hepatocytes enhance effects of lipopolysaccharide on liver nonparenchymal cells through close cell interactions. Shock. 2005 May;23(5):453-8. 24.  Wehner S, Schwarz NT, Hundsdoerfer R, Hierholzer C, Tweardy DJ, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ, Kalff JC. Induction of IL-6 within the rodent intestinal muscularis after intestinal surgical stress. Surgery. 2005 Apr;137(4):436-46. 25.  Tsung A, Sahai R, Tanaka H, Nakao A, Fink MP, Lotze MT, Yang H, Li J, Tracey KJ, Geller DA, Billiar TR. The nuclear factor HMGB1 mediates hepatic injury after murine liver ischemia-reperfusion. J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 4;201(7):1135-43. Epub 2005 Mar 28. 26.  Bayir H, Kagan VE, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Janesko KL, Vagni VA, Billiar TR, Williams DL, Kochanek PM. Enhanced oxidative stress in iNOS-deficient mice after traumatic brain injury: support for a neuroprotective role of iNOS. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005 Jun;25(6):673-84. 27.  Nakao A, Neto JS, Kanno S, Stolz DB, Kimizuka K, Liu F, Bach FH, Billiar TR, Choi AM, Otterbein LE, Murase N. Protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiac and renal transplantation with carbon monoxide, biliverdin and both. Am J Transplant. 2005 Feb;5(2):282-91. 28.  Vodovotz Y, Kim PK, Bagci EZ, Ermentrout GB, Chow CC, Bahar I, Billiar TR. Inflammatory modulation of hepatocyte apoptosis by nitric oxide: in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Curr Mol Med. 2004 Nov;4(7):753-62. Review. 29.  Cook T, Wang Z, Alber S, Liu K, Watkins SC, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR, Blumberg D. Nitric oxide and ionizing radiation synergistically promote apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer by activating p53.Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 1;64(21):8015-21. 30.  Park SY, Seol JW, Lee YJ, Cho JH, Kang HS, Kim IS, Park SH, Kim TH, Yim JH, Kim M, Billiar TR, Seol DW. IFN-gamma enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through IRF-1. Eur J Biochem. 2004 Nov;271(21):4222-8. 31.  McCloskey CA, Kameneva MV, Uryash A, Gallo DJ, Billiar TR. Tissue hypoxia activates JNK in the liver during hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2004 Oct;22(4):380-6. 32.  Chang K, Lee SJ, Cheong I, Billiar TR, Chung HT, Han JA, Kwon YG, Ha KS, Kim YM. Nitric oxide suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by inhibiting post-translational modification of IkappaB. Exp Mol Med. 2004 Aug 31;36(4):311-24. 33.  Kim MH, Billiar TR, Seol DW. The secretable form of trimeric TRAIL, a potent inducer of apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Sep 3;321(4):930-5. 34.  Kanno S, Kim PK, Sallam K, Lei J, Billiar TR, Shears LL 2nd. Nitric oxide facilitates cardiomyogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12277-81. Epub 2004 Aug 10. 35.  Kim M, Park SY, Pai HS, Kim TH, Billiar TR, Seol DW. Hypoxia inhibits tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by blocking Bax translocation. Cancer Res. 2004 Jun 15;64(12):4078-81. 36.  Billiar TR, Peitzman AB. The Department of Surgery at the School of Medicine at the University Of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Arch Surg. 2004 May;139(5):466-8. 37.  Kim PK, Zuckerbraun BS, Otterbein LE, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Til cell death do us part: nitric oxide and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Biol Chem. 2004 Jan;385(1):11-5. Review. 38.  Wang Z, Cook T, Alber S, Liu K, Kovesdi I, Watkins SK, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR, Blumberg D. Adenoviral gene transfer of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene enhances the radiation response of human colorectal cancer associated with alterations in tumor vascularity. Cancer Res. 2004 Feb 15;64(4):1386-95. 39.  Kameneva MV, Wu ZJ, Uraysh A, Repko B, Litwak KN, Billiar TR, Fink MP, Simmons RL, Griffith BP, Borovetz HS. Blood soluble drag-reducing polymers prevent lethality from hemorrhagic shock in acute animal experiments. Biorheology. 2004;41(1):53-64. 40.  Kim PK, Armstrong M, Liu Y, Yan P, Bucher B, Zuckerbraun BS, Gambotto A, Billiar TR, Yim JH. IRF-1 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in mouse mammary cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 2004 Feb 5;23(5):1125-35. 41.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ, Tweardy DJ, Harbrecht BG. Induced nitric oxide promotes intestinal inflammation following hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004 Feb;286(2):G225-33. 42.  Song R, Mahidhara RS, Zhou Z, Hoffman RA, Seol DW, Flavell RA, Billiar TR, Otterbein LE, Choi AM. Carbon monoxide inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation via caspase-dependent pathway. J Immunol. 2004 Jan 15;172(2):1220-6. 43.  Schwarz NT, Kalff JC, Turler A, Speidel N, Grandis JR, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ. Selective jejunal manipulation causes postoperative pan-enteric inflammation and dysmotility. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1):159-69. 44.  Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR, Otterbein SL, Kim PK, Liu F, Choi AM, Bach FH, Otterbein LE. Carbon monoxide protects against liver failure through nitric oxide-induced heme oxygenase 1. J Exp Med. 2003 Dec   1;198(11):1707-16. 45.  Chen T, Zamora R, Zuckerbraun B, Billiar TR. Role of nitric oxide in liver injury. Curr Mol Med. 2003 Sep;3(6):519-26. Review. 46.  McCloskey CA, Zuckerbraun BS, Gallo DJ, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. A role for angiotensin II in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in the liver during hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2003 Oct;20(4):316-9. 47.  Mahidhara RS, Hoffman RA, Huang S, Wolf-Johnston A, Vodovotz Y, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of caspase-dependent T lymphocyte proliferation. J Leukoc Biol. 2003 Sep;74(3):403-11. 48.  Zuckerbraun BS, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. RhoA influences the nuclear localization of extracellular signal-regulated kinases to modulate p21Waf/Cip1 expression. Circulation. 2003 Aug 19;108(7):876-81. Epub 2003 Jul 21. 49:  Kim PK, Park SY, Koty PP, Hua Y, Luketich JD, Billiar TR. Fas-associating death domain protein overexpression induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Jun;125(6):1336-42. 50.  Schwentker A, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide and wound repair. Surg Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;83(3):521-30. Review. 51.  Ha KS, Kim KM, Kwon YG, Bai SK, Nam WD, Yoo YM, Kim PK, Chung HT, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Nitric oxide prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through cGMP-dependent PI3 kinase/Akt activation.FASEB J. 2003 Jun;17(9):1036-47. 52.  Hierholzer C, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ, Harbrecht B. Reduced hepatic transcription factor activation and expression of IL-6 and ICAM-1 after hemorrhage by NO scavenging. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2003 Apr;123(2-3):55-9. Epub 2003 Mar 26. 53.  Kim PK, Billiar TR. There's NO business like p53 business: nitric oxide regulates phosphorylation of p53 in chronic inflammatory disease. Cell Cycle. 2003 Mar-Apr;2(2):111-2. 54.  Weller R, Schwentker A, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Autologous nitric oxide protects mouse and human keratinocytes from ultraviolet B radiation-induced apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003 May;284(5):C1140-8. 55.  Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR. Heme oxygenase-1: a cellular Hercules. Hepatology. 2003 Apr;37(4):742-4. Review. 56.  Kibbe MR, Johnnides C, Gleixner S, Kovesdi I, Lizonova A, Zuckerbraun B, Billiar TR, Tzeng E, Muluk SC. Regulation of tissue factor expression in smooth muscle cells with nitric oxide. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Mar;37(3):650-9. 57.  Kalff JC, Turler A, Schwarz NT, Schraut WH, Lee KK, Tweardy DJ, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Intra-abdominal activation of a local inflammatory response within the human muscularis externa during laparotomy. Ann Surg. 2003 Mar;237(3):301-15. 58.  Kim PK, Weller R, Hua Y, Billiar TR. Ultraviolet irradiation increases FADD protein in apoptotic human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 7;302(2):290-5. 59.  Collins JL, Vodovotz Y, Hierholzer C, Villavicencio RT, Liu S, Alber S, Gallo D, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Godfrey A, Gooding W, Kelly E, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR. Characterization of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat and human liver during hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2003 Feb;19(2):117-22. 60.  Otterbein LE, Zuckerbraun BS, Haga M, Liu F, Song R, Usheva A, Stachulak C, Bodyak N, Smith RN, Csizmadia E, Tyagi S, Akamatsu Y, Flavell RJ, Billiar TR, Tzeng E, Bach FH, Choi AM, Soares MP. Carbon monoxide suppresses rteriosclerotic lesions associated with chronic graft rejection and with balloon injury. Nat Med. 2003 Feb;9(2):183-90. Epub 2003 Jan 21. 61.  Carty SE, Colson YL, Garvey LS, Schuchert VD, Schwentker A, Tzeng E, Corcoran NA, Simmons RL, Webster MW, Billiar TR. Maternity policy and practice during surgery residency: how we do it. Surgery. 2002 Oct;132(4):682-7; discussion 687-8. 62.  Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Aulak KS, Kim PK, Kane JM 3rd, Alarcon L, Stuehr DJ, Billiar TR. A DNA microarray study of nitric oxide-induced genes in mouse hepatocytes: implications for hepatic heme oxygenase-1 expression in ischemia/reperfusion. Nitric Oxide. 2002 Nov;7(3):165-86. 63.  Park JH, Na HJ, Kwon YG, Ha KS, Lee SJ, Kim CK, Lee KS, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Kim PK, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Nitric oxide (NO) pretreatment increases cytokine-induced NO production in cultured rat hepatocytes by suppressing GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback inhibitory protein level and promoting inducible NO synthase dimerization. J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 6;277(49):47073-9. 64.  Schwentker A, Vodovotz Y, Weller R, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide and wound repair: role of cytokines? Nitric Oxide. 2002 Aug;7(1):1-10. Review. 65.  Zenati MS, Billiar TR, Townsend RN, Peitzman AB, Harbrecht BG. A brief episode of hypotension increases mortality in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma. 2002 Aug;53(2):232-6; discussion 236-7. 66.  Kim PK, Wang Y, Gambotto A, Kim YM, Weller R, Zuckerbraun BS, Hua Y, Watkins SC, Billiar TR. Hepatocyte Fas-associating death domain protein/mediator of receptor-induced toxicity (FADD/MORT1) levels increase in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 11;277(41):38855-62. Epub 2002 Aug 6. 67.  Stolz DB, Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Loughran PA, Billiar TR, Kim YM, Simmons RL, Watkins SC. Peroxisomal localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2002 Jul;36(1):81-93. 68.  Wang Y, Vodovotz Y, Kim PK, Zamora R, Billiar TR. Mechanisms of hepatoprotection by nitric oxide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 May;962:415-22. Review. 69.  Liu S, Gallo DJ, Green AM, Williams DL, Gong X, Shapiro RA, Gambotto AA, Humphris EL, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Role of toll-like receptors in changes in gene expression and NF-kappa B activation in mouse hepatocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun. 2002 Jul;70(7):3433-42. 70.  Koo MS, Kwo YG, Park JH, Choi WJ, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Signaling and function of caspase and c-jun N-terminal kinase in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mol Cells. 2002 Apr 30;13(2):194-201. 71.  Hierholzer C, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Requirements for NF-kappaB activation in hemorrhagic shock. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2002 Feb;122(1):44-7. 72.  Schwentker A, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: from cloning to therapeutic applications. World J Surg. 2002 Jul;26(7):772-8. Epub 2002 Apr 18. Review. 73.  Song YK, Billiar TR, Lee YJ. Role of galectin-3 in breast cancer metastasis: involvement of nitric oxide. Am J Pathol. 2002 Mar;160(3):1069-75. 74.  Park SY, Billiar TR, Seol DW. IFN-gamma inhibition of TRAIL-induced IAP-2 upregulation, a possible mechanism of IFN-gamma-enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Feb 22;291(2):233-6. 75.  Hierholzer C, Menezes JM, Ungeheuer A, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ, Harbrecht BG. A nitric oxide scavenger protects against pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2002 Feb;17(2):98-103. 76.  Norris R, Woods R, Harbrecht B, Fabian T, Rhodes M, Morris J, Billiar TR, Courcoulas AP, Udekwu AO, Stinson C, Peitzman AB. TRISS unexpected survivors: an outdated standard? J Trauma. 2002 Feb;52(2):229-34. 77.  Kibbe MR, Li J, Nie S, Choi BM, Kovesdi I, Lizonova A, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Potentiation of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in p53-/- vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 Mar;282(3):C625-34. 78.  Park SY, Billiar TR, Seol DW. Hypoxia inhibition of apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Feb 15;291(1):150-3. 79.  Menezes JM, Hierholzer C, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Harbrecht BG. The modulation of hepatic injury and heat shock expression by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase after hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):13-8. 80.  Vodovotz Y, Liu S, McCloskey C, Shapiro R, Green A, Billiar TR.   The hepatocyte as a microbial product-responsive cell. J Endotoxin Res. 2001;7(5):365-73. 81.  Schwarz NT, Kalff JC, Turler A, Engel BM, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ. Prostanoid production via COX-2 as a causative mechanism of rodent postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology. 2001 Dec;121(6):1354-71. 82.  Lee VG, Johnson ML, Baust J, Laubach VE, Watkins SC, Billiar TR. The roles of iNOS in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock. 2001 Nov;16(5):355-60. 83.  Ameredes BT, Zamora R, Gibson KF, Billiar TR, Dixon-McCarthy B, Watkins S, Calhoun WJ. Increased nitric oxide production by airway cells of sensitized and challenged IL-10 knockout mice. J Leukoc Biol. 2001 Nov;70(5):730-6. 84.  Zamora R, Alarcon L, Vodovotz Y, Betten B, Kim PK, Gibson KF, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide suppresses the expression of Bcl-2 binding protein BNIP3 in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):46887-95. Epub 2001 Oct 9. 85.  Han YJ, Kwon YG, Chung HT, Lee SK, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Antioxidant enzymes suppress nitric oxide production through the inhibition of NF-kappa B activation: role of H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. Nitric Oxide. 2001;5(5):504-13. 86.  Kim PK, Zamora R, Petrosko P, Billiar TR. The regulatory role of nitric oxide in apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001 Aug;1(8):1421-41. Review. 87.  Kanno S, Wu YJ, Lee PC, Billiar TR, Ho C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor preserves p21 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Circulation. 2001 Aug 21;104(8):945-50. 88.  Collins JL, Vodovotz Y, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Green AM, Billiar TR. Catecholamines decrease nitric oxide production by cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes. Surgery. 2001 Aug;130(2):256-64. 89.  Billiar TR. Routine complexity. Surgery. 2001 Aug;130(2):123-32.   90.  Kim PK, Billiar TR. Give me iNOS or give me death. Hepatology. 2001 Aug;34(2):436-7. 91.  Hierholzer C, Billiar TR. Molecular mechanisms in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2001 Jul;386(4):302-8. Review. 92.  Kibbe MR, Tzeng E, Gleixner SL, Watkins SC, Kovesdi I, Lizonova A, Makaroun MS, Billiar TR, Rhee RY. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in porcine vein grafts inhibits intimal hyperplasia. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Jul;34(1):156-65. 93.  Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Alarcon L, Betten B, Loughran PA, Aulak KS, Stuehr DJ, Gibson KF, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide from the inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS) increases the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in iNOS-null hepatocytes in the absence of inflammatory stimuli. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jun 15;390(2):287-94. 94.  Hierholzer C, Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation and cyclo-oxygenase-2 induction are early reperfusion-independent inflammatory events in hemorrhagic shock. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001;121(4):219-22. 95.  Lee YJ, Lee KH, Kim HR, Jessup JM, Seol DW, Kim TH, Billiar TR, Song YK. Sodium nitroprusside enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway in human colorectal carcinoma CX-1 cells. Oncogene. 2001 Mar 22;20(12):1476-85. 96.  Chung HT, Pae HO, Choi BM, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Apr 20;282(5):1075-9. Review. 97.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Chakraborty A, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ, Tweardy DJ. Impaired gut contractility following hemorrhagic shock is accompaied by IL-6 and G-CSF production and neutrophil infiltration. Dig Dis Sci. 2001 Feb;46(2):230-41. 98.  Kim KM, Chun SB, Koo MS, Choi WJ, Kim TW, Kwon YG, Chung HT, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Differential regulation of NO availability from macrophages and endothelial cells by the garlic component S-allyl cysteine. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Apr 1;30(7):747-56. 99.  Harbrecht BG, Doyle HR, Clancy KD, Townsend RN, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB.  The impact of liver dysfunction on outcome in patients with multiple injuries. Am Surg. 2001 Feb;67(2):122-6. 100.  Seol DW, Li J, Seol MH, Park SY, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Signaling events triggered by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): caspase-8 is required for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2001 Feb 1;61(3):1138-43. 101.  Kochanek PM, Janesko KL, Jenkins LW, Yan HQ, Kibbe MR, Robichaud P, Wooditch AC, Clark RS, Dixon CE, Marion DW, Billiar TR. Adenovirus-mediated transfer and expression of beta-gal in injured hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma. 2001 Jan;18(1):73-82. 102.  Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Gores GJ. Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of DNA repair potentiates oxidative DNA damage in cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jan;120(1):190-9. 103.  Meng ZH, Dyer K, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Essential role for IL-6 in postresuscitation inflammation in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Feb;280(2):C343-51. 104.  Mellott JK, Nick HS, Waters MF, Billiar TR, Geller DA, Chesrown SE. Cytokine-induced changes in chromatin structure and in vivo footprints in the inducible NOS promoter. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):L390-9. 105.  Kim YM, Chung HT, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Cellular non-heme iron content is a determinant of nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis, necrosis, and caspase inhibition. J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 14;275(15):10954-61. 106.  Kwon YG, Min JK, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Sphingosine 1-phosphate protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from serum-deprived apoptosis by nitric oxide production. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 6;276(14):10627-33. Epub 2000 Dec 28. 107.  Lee PC, Kibbe MR, Schuchert MJ, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Griffith BP, Billiar TR, Shears LL 2nd. Nitric oxide induces angiogenesis and upregulates alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression on endothelial cells. Microvasc Res. 2000 Nov;60(3):269-80. 108.  Hussain SP, Raja K, Amstad PA, Sawyer M, Trudel LJ, Wogan GN, Hofseth LJ, Shields PG, Billiar TR, Trautwein C, Hohler T, Galle PR, Phillips DH, Markin R, Marrogi AJ, Harris CC. Increased p53 mutation load in nontumorous human liver of wilson disease and hemochromatosis: oxyradical overload diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12770-5. 109.  Liu S, Salyapongse AN, Geller DA, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 2 expression in vivo and in vitro: role of cytokines in induction of rat TLR2 gene expression by lipopolysaccharide. Shock. 2000 Sep;14(3):361-5. 110.  Geller DA, Di Silvio M, Billiar TR, Hatakeyama K. GTP cyclohydrolase I is coinduced in hepatocytes stimulated to produce nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Sep 24;276(2):633-41. 111.  Kim YM, Kim TH, Chung HT, Talanian RV, Yin XM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide prevents tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis by the interruption of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through S-nitrosylation of caspase-8. Hepatology. 2000 Oct;32(4 Pt 1):770-8. 112.  Eskandari MK, Makaroun MS, Abu-Elmagd KM, Billiar TR. Endovascular repair of an aortoduodenal fistula. J Endovasc Ther. 2000 Aug;7(4):328-32. 113.  Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory diseases. Mol Med. 2000 May;6(5):347-73. Review. 114.  Meng ZH, Dyer K, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Distinct effects of systemic infusion of G-CSF vs. IL-6 on lung and liver inflammation and injury in hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2000 Jul;14(1):41-8. 115.  Johnson ML, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR. Cloning and expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;100:43-9. 116.  Seol DW, Billiar TR. Cysteine 230 modulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand activity. Cancer Res. 2000 Jun 15;60(12):3152-4. 117.  Liu S, Morris SM Jr, Nie S, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR. cAMP induces CD14 expression in murine macrophages via increased transcription.J Leukoc Biol. 2000 Jun;67(6):894-901. 118.  Liu S, Shapiro RA, Nie S, Zhu D, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Characterization of rat CD14 promoter and its regulation by transcription factors AP1 and Sp family proteins in hepatocytes. Gene. 2000 May 30;250(1-2):137-47. 119.  Kanno S, Lee PC, Zhang Y, Ho C, Griffith BP, Shears LL 2nd, Billiar TR. Attenuation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by superinduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2000 Jun 13;101(23):2742-8. 120.  Villavicencio RT, Liu S, Kibbe MR, Williams DL, Ganster RW, Dyer KF, Tweardy DJ, Billiar TR, Pitt BR. Induced nitric oxide inhibits IL-6-induced stat3 activation and type II acute phase mRNA expression. Shock. 2000 Jun;13(6):441-5. 121.  Kibbe MR, Li J, Nie S, Watkins SC, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression upregulates p21 and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and independent of p53 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Jun;31(6):1214-28. 122.  Mahidhara R, Billiar TR. Apoptosis in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;28(4 Suppl):N105-13. Review. 123.  Jo M, Kim TH, Seol DW, Esplen JE, Dorko K, Billiar TR, Strom SC. Apoptosis induced in normal human hepatocytes by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Nat Med. 2000 May;6(5):564-7. 124.  Kibbe MR, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Gene therapy for restenosis. Circ Res. 2000 Apr 28;86(8):829-33. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 10785503 125.  Li J, Yang S, Billiar TR. Cyclic nucleotides suppress tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activation and cytochrome c release in primary hepatocytes via a mechanism independent of Akt activation. J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 28;275(17):13026-34. 126.  Lee PC, Wang ZL, Qian S, Watkins SC, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Tzeng E, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Shears LL 2nd. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase protects aortic allografts from the development of transplant arteriosclerosis. Transplantation. 2000 Mar 27;69(6):1186-92. 127.  Li J, Billiar TR. The role of nitric oxide in apoptosis. Semin Perinatol. 2000 Feb;24(1):46-50. Review. 128.  Kibbe MR, Murdock A, Wickham T, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Nie S, Shears L, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Optimizing cardiovascular gene therapy: increased vascular gene transfer with modified adenoviral vectors. Arch Surg. 2000 Feb;135(2):191-7. 129.  Kibbe MR, Nie S, Seol DW, Kovesdi I, Lizonova A, Makaroun M, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Nitric oxide prevents p21 degradation with the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells.J Vasc Surg. 2000 Feb;31(2):364-74. 130.  Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in postoperative intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in rodents. Gastroenterology. 2000 Feb;118(2):316-27. 131.  Billiar TR. The diverging roles of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;27(12):2842-3. 132.  Lee PC, Shears LL 2nd, Billiar TR. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in transplant arteriosclerosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1999 Dec;26(12):1013-5. Review. 133.  Salyapongse AN, Billiar TR, Edington H. Gene therapy and tissue engineering. Clin Plast Surg. 1999 Oct;26(4):663-76, x. Review. 134.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Audolfsson G, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ, Bauer AJ. Molecular and functional contractile sequelae of rat intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transplantation. 1999 Nov 15;68(9):1244-54. 135.  Li J, Billiar TR. The anti-apoptotic actions of nitric oxide in hepatocytes. Cell Death Differ. 1999 Oct;6(10):952-5. Review. 136.  Lee PC, Salyapongse AN, Bragdon GA, Shears LL 2nd, Watkins SC, Edington HD, Billiar TR. Impaired wound healing and angiogenesis in eNOS-deficient mice. Am J Physiol. 1999 Oct;277(4 Pt 2):H1600-8. 137.  Sinz EH, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Clark RS, Carcillo JA, Schiding JK, Chen M, Wisniewski SR, Carlos TM, Williams D, DeKosky ST, Watkins SC, Marion DW, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest. 1999 Sep;104(5):647-56. 138.  Szabo C, Billiar TR. Novel roles of nitric oxide in hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 1999 Jul;12(1):1-9. Review. 139.  Kibbe MR, Nie S, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Billiar TR, Tzeng E. Optimization of ex vivo inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transfer to vein grafts. Surgery. 1999 Aug;126(2):323-9. 140.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Bednarski B, Memarzadeh F, Kim YM, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Rapid and simultaneous activation of Stat3 and production of interleukin 6 in resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;119(5-6):332-6. 141.  Eskandari MK, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, Lee KK, Bauer AJ. LPS-induced muscularis macrophage nitric oxide suppresses rat jejunal circular muscle activity. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 1):G478-86. 142.  Kim YM, Chung HT, Kim SS, Han JA, Yoo YM, Kim KM, Lee GH, Yun HY, Green A, Li J, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide protects PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis by cGMP-dependent inhibition of caspase signaling. J Neurosci. 1999 Aug 15;19(16):6740-7. 143.  Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology. 1999 Aug;117(2):378-87. 144.  Menezes J, Hierholzer C, Watkins SC, Lyons V, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ, Harbrecht BG. A novel nitric oxide scavenger decreases liver injury and improves survival after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 Pt 1):G144-51. 145.  Peitzman AB, Courcoulas AP, Stinson C, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, Harbrecht BG. Trauma center maturation: quantification of process and outcome. Ann Surg. 1999 Jul;230(1):87-94. 146.  Orucevic A, Bechberger J, Green AM, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Lala PK. Nitric-oxide production by murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells promotes tumor-cell invasiveness. Int J Cancer. 1999 Jun 11;81(6):889-96. 147.  Li J, Bombeck CA, Yang S, Kim YM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide suppresses apoptosis via interrupting caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):17325-33. 148.  Tsukada K, Omert LA, Menezes J, Harbrecht BG, Miyagishima M, Hierholzer C, Billiar TR. Neutrophil accumulation and damage to the gastric mucosa in resuscitated hemorrhagic shock is independent of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Shock. 1999 May;11(5):319-24. 149.  Li J, Billiar TR. Nitric Oxide. IV. Determinants of nitric oxide protection and toxicity in liver. Am J Physiol. 1999 May;276(5 Pt 1):G1069-73. Review. 150.  Chia SH, Murase N, Taylor BS, Billiar TR, Starzl TE, Geller DA.  Adenoviral-mediated gene delivery to liver isografts: improved model of ex vivo gene transfer. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):475-6. 151.  Kalff JC, Hierholzer C, Tsukada K, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ. Hemorrhagic shock results in intestinal muscularis intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and smooth muscle dysfunction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;119(1-2):89-93. 152.  Kim YM, Bombeck CA, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide as a bifunctional regulator of apoptosis. Circ Res. 1999 Feb 19;84(3):253-6. Review. 153.  Seol DW, Billiar TR. A caspase-9 variant missing the catalytic site is an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 22;274(4):2072-6. 154.  Lee KH, Rico P, Billiar TR, Pinsky MR. Nitric oxide production after acute, unilateral hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury in a canine model. Crit Care Med. 1998 Dec;26(12):2042-7. 155.  Ambs S, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, Bennett WP, Ishibe N, Hussain SP, Tzeng EE, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Harris CC. p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor regulate tumor growth of NOS2-expressing human carcinoma cells. Nat Med. 1998 Dec;4(12):1371-6. 156.  Shah NS, Kelly E, Billiar TR, Marshall HM, Harbrecht BG, Udekwu AO, Peitzman AB. Utility of clinical parameters of tissue oxygenation in a quantitative model of irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 1998 Nov;10(5):343-6. 157.  Kim YM, Kim TH, Seol DW, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide suppression of apoptosis occurs in association with an inhibition of Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 20;273(47):31437-41. 158.  Shah NS, Billiar TR. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation and tissue injury during endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Oct;106 Suppl 5:1139-43. Review. 159.  Liu S, Khemlani LS, Shapiro RA, Johnson ML, Liu K, Geller DA, Watkins SC, Goyert SM, Billiar TR. Expression of CD14 by hepatocytes: upregulation by cytokines during endotoxemia. Infect Immun. 1998 Nov;66(11):5089-98. 160.  Kim YM, Talanian RV, Li J, Billiar TR.  Nitric oxide prevents IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IL-18) release from macrophages by inhibiting caspase-1 (IL-1beta-converting enzyme). J Immunol. 1998 Oct 15;161(8):4122-8. 161.  Ceneviva GD, Tzeng E, Hoyt DG, Yee E, Gallagher A, Engelhardt JF, Kim YM, Billiar TR, Watkins SA, Pitt BR. Nitric oxide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 1):L717-28. 162.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, Bauer A, Tweardy DJ. Activation of STAT proteins following ischemia reperfusion injury demonstrates a distinct IL-6 and G-CSF mediated profile. Transplant Proc. 1998 Sep;30(6):2647. 163.  Shears LL 2nd, Kibbe MR, Murdock AD, Billiar TR, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Watkins SC, Tzeng E. Efficient inhibition of intimal hyperplasia by adenovirus-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transfer to rats and pigs in vivo. J Am Coll Surg. 1998 Sep;187(3):295-306. 164.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Omert L, Tsukada K, Loeffert JE, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Interleukin-6 production in hemorrhagic shock is accompanied by neutrophil recruitment and lung injury. Am J Physiol. 1998 Sep;275(3 Pt 1):L611-21. 165.  Taylor BS, Alarcon LH, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver: regulation and function. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998 Jul;63(7):766-81. Review. 166.  Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Activation of STAT proteins in the lung of rats following resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;117(6-7):372-5. 167.  Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Williams DL, Li J, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Kim YM. Adenovirus-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transfer inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis. Surgery. 1998 Aug;124(2):278-83. 168.  Ambs S, Ogunfusika MO, Merriam WG, Bennett WP, Billiar TR, Harris CC. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cancer-prone p53 knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 1;95(15):8823-8. 169.  Omert L, Tsukada K, Hierholzer C, Lyons VA, Carlos TM, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR.  A role of neutrophils in the down-regulation of IL-6 and CD14 following hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 1998 Jun;9(6):391-6. 170.  Taylor BS, de Vera ME, Ganster RW, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR, Geller DA.  Multiple NF-kappaB enhancer elements regulate cytokine induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 12;273(24):15148-56. 171.  Kim YM, Son K, Hong SJ, Green A, Chen JJ, Tzeng E, Hierholzer C, Billiar TR. Inhibition of protein synthesis by nitric oxide correlates with cytostatic activity: nitric oxide induces phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 alpha. Mol Med. 1998 Mar;4(3):179-90. 172.  Geller DA, Billiar TR. Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1998 Mar;17(1):7-23. Review. 173.  Yamasaki K, Edington HD, McClosky C, Tzeng E, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Steed DL, Billiar TR. Reversal of impaired wound repair in iNOS-deficient mice by topical adenoviral-mediated iNOS gene transfer. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):967-71. 174.  Hierholzer C, Harbrecht B, Menezes JM, Kane J, MacMicking J, Nathan CF, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Essential role of induced nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock. J Exp Med. 1998 Mar 16;187(6):917-28. 175.  Pastor CM, Morel DR, Billiar TR. Oxygen supply dependence of urea production in the isolated perfused rat liver. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Mar;157(3 Pt 1):796-802. 176.  Hierholzer C, Kelly E, Lyons V, Roedling E, Davies P, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. G-CSF instillation into rat lungs mediates neutrophil recruitment, pulmonary edema, and hypoxia. J Leukoc Biol. 1998 Feb;63(2):169-74. 177.  Johnson ML, Billiar TR. Roles of nitric oxide in surgical infection and sepsis. World J Surg. 1998 Feb;22(2):187-96. Review. 178.  Ambs S, Merriam WG, Bennett WP, Felley-Bosco E, Ogunfusika MO, Oser SM, Klein S, Shields PG, Billiar TR, Harris CC. Frequent nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in human colon adenomas: implication for tumor angiogenesis and colon cancer progression. Cancer Res. 1998 Jan 15;58(2):334-41. 179.  Ou J, Carlos TM, Watkins SC, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Kim YM, Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR. Differential effects of nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and selective inducible NOS inhibition on hepatic necrosis, apoptosis, ICAM-1 expression, and neutrophil accumulation during endotoxemia. Nitric Oxide. 1997 Oct;1(5):404-16. 180.  De Vera ME, Taylor BS, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Geller DA. Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS gene expression by upregulating I-kappa B alpha and inhibiting NF-kappa B. Am J Physiol. 1997 Dec;273(6 Pt 1):G1290-6. 181.  Kim YM, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide inhibits apoptosis by preventing increases in caspase-3-like activity via two distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 5;272(49):31138-48. 182.  Harbrecht BG, Wu B, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during severe shock but not after resuscitation increases hepatic injury and neutrophil accumulation in hemorrhaged rats. Shock. 1997 Dec;8(6):415-21. 183.  Hierholzer C, Kelly E, Tsukada K, Loeffert E, Watkins S, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Hemorrhagic shock induces G-CSF expression in bronchial epithelium. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 1):L1058-64. 184.  Li J, Billiar TR, Talanian RV, Kim YM. Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits seven members of the caspase family via S-nitrosylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Nov 17;240(2):419-24. 185:  Taylor BS, Kim YM, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Geller DA. Nitric oxide down-regulates hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Arch Surg. 1997 Nov;132(11):1177-83. 186.  Marshall HP Jr, Capone A, Courcoulas AP, Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Udekwu AO, Peitzman AB. Effects of hemodilution on long-term survival in an uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model in rats. J Trauma. 1997 Oct;43(4):673-9. 187.  Powell M, Courcoulas A, Gardner M, Lynch J, Harbrecht BG, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, Federle M, Ferris J, Meza MP, Peitzman AB. Management of blunt splenic trauma: significant differences between adults and children. Surgery. 1997 Oct;122(4):654-60. 188.  Shears LL, Kawaharada N, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Watkins SC, Kovesdi I, Lizonova A, Pham SM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase suppresses the development of allograft arteriosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 1997 Oct 15;100(8):2035-42. 189.  Billiar TR, Harbrecht BG. Resolving the nitric oxide paradox in acute tissue damage. Gastroenterology. 1997 Oct;113(4):1405-7. Review. 190.  Eskandari MK, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, Lee KK, Bauer AJ.  Lipopolysaccharide activates the muscularis macrophage network and suppresses circular smooth muscle activity. Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):G727-34. 191.  Tzeng E, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide and the surgical patient. Identifying therapeutic targets. Arch Surg. 1997 Sep;132(9):977-82. Review. 192.  Tzeng E, Kim YM, Pitt BR, Lizonova A, Kovesdi I, Billiar TR. Adenoviral transfer of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene blocks endothelial cell apoptosis. Surgery. 1997 Aug;122(2):255-63. 193.  Saavedra JE, Billiar TR, Williams DL, Kim YM, Watkins SC, Keefer LK. Targeting nitric oxide (NO) delivery in vivo. Design of a liver-selective NO donor prodrug that blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis and toxicity in the liver. J Med Chem. 1997 Jun 20;40(13):1947-54. 194.  Harbrecht BG, Kim YM, Wirant EA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Timing of prostaglandin exposure is critical for the inhibition of LPS- or IFN-gamma-induced macrophage NO synthesis by PGE2. J Leukoc Biol. 1997 Jun;61(6):712-20. 195.  Kane JM 3rd, Shears LL 2nd, Hierholzer C, Ambs S, Billiar TR, Posner MC. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in humans: induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase and proposed mechanisms for carcinogenesis. J Surg Res. 1997 May;69(2):321-4. 196.  Cicalese L, Billiar TR, Rao AS, Bauer AJ. Interaction between ischemia/reperfusion-induced leukocyte emigration and translocating bacterial enterotoxins on enteric muscle function. Transplant Proc. 1997 May;29(3):1815. 197.  Luss H, Li RK, Shapiro RA, Tzeng E, McGowan FX, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Geller DA, Mickle DA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Dedifferentiated human ventricular cardiac myocytes express inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not protein in response to IL-1, TNF, IFNgamma, and LPS. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Apr;29(4):1153-65. 198.  Kelly E, Shah NS, Morgan NN, Watkins SC, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR. Physiologic and molecular characterization of the role of nitric oxide in hemorrhagic shock: evidence that type II nitric oxide synthase does not regulate vascular decompensation. Shock. 1997 Mar;7(3):157-63. 199.  Vecchini F, Pringault E, Billiar TR, Geller DA, Hausel P, Felley-Bosco E. Decreased activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase type 2 and modulation of the expression of glutathione S-transferase alpha, bcl-2, and metallothioneins during the differentiation of CaCo-2 cells. Cell Growth Differ. 1997 Feb;8(2):261-8. 200.  Kim YM, de Vera ME, Watkins SC, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide protects cultured rat hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis by inducing heat shock protein 70 expression. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 10;272(2):1402-11. 201.  Hierholzer C, Kelly E, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production in hemorrhagic shock requires both the ischemic and resuscitation phase. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1997;116(3):173-6. 202.  Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Chough V, Kim YM, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Glutathione regulates nitric oxide synthase in cultured hepatocytes. Ann Surg. 1997 Jan;225(1):76-87. 203.  Shah NS, Nakayama DK, Jacob TD, Nishio I, Imai T, Billiar TR, Exler R, Yousem SA, Motoyama EK, Peitzman AB. Efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 1997 Jan;25(1):153-8. 204.  Harbrecht BG, Wirant EM, Kim YM, Billiar TR. Glucagon inhibits hepatocyte nitric oxide synthesis. Arch Surg. 1996 Dec;131(12):1266-72. 205.  Tzeng E, Shears LL 2nd, Lotze MT, Billiar TR. Gene therapy. Curr Probl Surg. 1996 Dec;33(12):961-1041. Review. 206.  Schmalix WA, Singh JJ, Kapfhammer P, Stadler J, Nussler AK, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Greim H, Doehmer J. Stable expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Nov 8;52(9):1365-74. 207.  Calaycay JR, Kelly TM, MacNaul KL, McCauley ED, Qi H, Grant SK, Griffin PR, Klatt T, Raju SM, Nussler AK, Shah S, Weidner JR, Williams HR, Wolfe GC, Geller DA, Billiar TR, MacCoss M, Mumford RA, Tocci MJ, Schmidt JA, Wong KK, Hutchinson NI. Expression and immunoaffinity purification of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase. Inhibition studies with 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine. J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 8;271(45):28212-9. 208.  de Vera ME, Kim YM, Wong HR, Wang Q, Billiar TR, Geller DA. Heat shock response inhibits cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology. 1996 Nov;24(5):1238-45. 209.  Pastor CM, Williams D, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Singleton S, Naylor E, Billiar TR. Competition for tetrahydrobiopterin between phenylalanine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase in rat liver. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 4;271(40):24534-8. 210.  Yee EL, Pitt BR, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Effect of nitric oxide on heme metabolism in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 1):L512-8. 211.  Ou J, Molina L, Kim YM, Billiar TR. Excessive NO production dose not account for the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 1):G621-8. 212.  Macha M, Yamazaki K, Gordon LM, Watach MJ, Konishi H, Billiar TR, Borovetz HS, Kormos RL, Griffith BP, Hattler BG. The vasoregulatory role of endothelium derived nitric oxide during pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. ASAIO J. 1996 Sep-Oct;42(5):M800-4. 213.  Liu ZZ, Cui S, Billiar TR, Dorko K, Halfter W, Geller DA, Michalopoulos G, Beger HG, Albina J, Nussler AK.  Effects of hepatocellular mitogens on cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthesis in human hepatocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 1996 Sep;60(3):382-8. 214.  Harbrecht BG, Kim YM, Wirant EM, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR. PGE2 and LTB4 inhibit cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression in isolated rat hepatocytes. Prostaglandins. 1996 Aug;52(2):103-16. 215.  Kim YM, Hong SJ, Billiar TR, Simmons RL. Counterprotective effect of erythrocytes in experimental bacterial peritonitis is due to scavenging of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates. Infect Immun. 1996 Aug;64(8):3074-80. 216.  Kelly E, Morgan N, Woo ES, Chetlin B, Peitzman AB, Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR. Metallothionein and HSP-72 are induced in the liver by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation but not by shock alone. Surgery. 1996 Aug;120(2):403-9; discussion 409-10. 217.  Tzeng E, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Shears LL 2nd, Billiar TR. Vascular inducible nitric oxide synthase gene therapy: requirement for guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I. Surgery. 1996 Aug;120(2):315-21. 218.  de Vera ME, Wong JM, Zhou JY, Tzeng E, Wong HR, Billiar TR, Geller DA.  Cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase gene transcription is blocked by the heat shock response in human liver cells. Surgery. 1996 Aug;120(2):144-9. 219.  Wong HR, Finder JD, Wasserloos K, Lowenstein CJ, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Pitt BR, Davies P. Transcriptional regulation of iNOS by IL-1 beta in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):L166-71. 220.  Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Obrist WD, Wong HR, Billiar TR, Wisniewski SR, Marion DW. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations after head injury in humans. Crit Care Med. 1996 Jul;24(7):1243-51. 221.  Nussler AK, Liu ZZ, Hatakeyama K, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Morris SM Jr. A cohort of supporting metabolic enzymes is coinduced with nitric oxide synthase in human tumor cell lines. Cancer Lett. 1996 May 15;103(1):79-84. 222.  Forrester K, Ambs S, Lupold SE, Kapust RB, Spillare EA, Weinberg WC, Felley-Bosco E, Wang XW, Geller DA, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Harris CC. Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by wild-type p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2442-7. 223.  Tzeng E, Shears LL 2nd, Robbins PD, Pitt BR, Geller DA, Watkins SC, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Vascular gene transfer of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase: characterization of activity and effects on myointimal hyperplasia. Mol Med. 1996 Mar;2(2):211-25. 224.  de Vera ME, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Mudgett JS, Simmons RL, Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR, Geller DA. Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene by cytokines: initial analysis of the human NOS2 promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Feb 6;93(3):1054-9. 225.  Thomae KR, Joshi PC, Davies P, Pitt BR, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Nakayama DK. Nitric oxide produced by cytokine-activated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is cytotoxic to cocultured endothelium. Surgery. 1996 Jan;119(1):61-6. 226.  Pastor CM, Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR. Sources of arginine for induced nitric oxide synthesis in the isolated perfused liver. Am J Physiol. 1995 Dec;269(6 Pt 1):G861-6. 227.  Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Robbins PD, Loftus M, Stuehr DJ. Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in a tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-deficient cell line: H4B promotes assembly of enzyme subunits into an active dimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11771-5. 228.  Pastor CM, Billiar TR, Losser MR, Payen DM. Liver injury during sepsis. J Crit Care. 1995 Dec;10(4):183-97. Review. 229.  Amin AR, Di Cesare PE, Vyas P, Attur M, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Stuchin SA, Abramson SB. The expression and regulation of nitric oxide synthase in human osteoarthritis-affected chondrocytes: evidence for up-regulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med. 1995 Dec 1;182(6):2097-102. 230.  Geller DA, de Vera ME, Russell DA, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. A central role for IL-1 beta in the in vitro and in vivo regulation of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase. IL-1 beta induces hepatic nitric oxide synthesis. J Immunol. 1995 Nov 15;155(10):4890-8. 231.  Nussler AK, Beger HG, Liu ZZ, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide, hepatocytes and inflammation. Res Immunol. 1995 Nov-Dec;146(9):671-77. Review. 232.  de Vera ME, Geller DA, Billiar TR. Hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase: regulation and function. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995 Nov;23(4):1008-13. Review. 233.  Harbrecht BG, Wu B, Watkins SC, Marshall HP Jr, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase during hemorrhagic shock increases hepatic injury. Shock. 1995 Nov;4(5):332-7. 234.  Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, Harbrecht BG, Kelly E, Udekwu AO, Simmons RL. Hemorrhagic shock. Curr Probl Surg. 1995 Nov;32(11):925-1002. Review. 235.  Hattler BG, Oddis CV, Zeevi A, Luss H, Shah N, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Finkel MS.  Regulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity by the human heart. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Nov 1;76(12):957-9. 236.  Luss H, Watkins SC, Freeswick PD, Imro AK, Nussler AK, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, del Nido PJ, McGowan FX Jr. Characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in endotoxemic rat cardiac myocytes in vivo and following cytokine exposure in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995 Sep;27(9):2015-29. 237.  Thomae KR, Nakayama DK, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Pitt BR, Davies P. The effect of nitric oxide on fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle growth. J Surg Res. 1995 Sep;59(3):337-43. 238.  Boone DC, Federle M, Billiar TR, Udekwu AO, Peitzman AB. Evolution of management of major hepatic trauma: identification of patterns of injury. J Trauma. 1995 Aug;39(2):344-50. 239.  Wan Y, Freeswick PD, Khemlani LS, Kispert PH, Wang SC, Su GL, Billiar TR. Role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and dexamethasone in regulation of LPS-binding protein expression in normal hepatocytes and hepatocytes from LPS-treated rats. Infect Immun. 1995 Jul;63(7):2435-42. 240.  Harbrecht BG, McClure EA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Prostanoids inhibit Kupffer cell nitric oxide synthesis. J Surg Res. 1995 Jun;58(6):625-9. 241.  Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Liu ZZ, Geller DA, Freeswick P, Dorko K, Bartoli F, Billiar TR. Further characterization and comparison of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse, rat, and human hepatocytes. Hepatology. 1995 Jun;21(6):1552-60. 242.  Schwarz MA, Lazo JS, Yalowich JC, Allen WP, Whitmore M, Bergonia HA, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Robbins PD, Lancaster JR Jr, et al. Metallothionein protects against the cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 9;92(10):4452-6. 243.  Kelly E, Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide, sepsis, and arginine metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995 May-Jun;19(3):234-8. Review. 244.  Wong HR, Pitt BR, Su GL, Rossignol DP, Steve AR, Billiar TR, Wang SC. Induction of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein gene expression in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by interleukin 1 beta. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Apr;12(4):449-54. 245.  Billiar TR. Nitric oxide. Novel biology with clinical relevance. Ann Surg. 1995 Apr;221(4):339-49. Review. 246.  Stanko RT, Sekas G, Isaacson IA, Clarke MR, Billiar TR, Paul HS. Pyruvate inhibits clofibrate-induced hepatic peroxisomal proliferation and free radical production in rats. Metabolism. 1995 Feb;44(2):166-71. 247.  Harbrecht BG, Wang SC, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Cyclic GMP and guanylate cyclase mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced Kupffer cell tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis. J Leukoc Biol. 1995 Feb;57(2):297-302. 248.  Billiar TR. The delicate balance of nitric oxide and superoxide in liver pathology. Gastroenterology. 1995 Feb;108(2):603-5. 249.  Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR. The role of nitric oxide in Kupffer cell-hepatocyte interactions. Shock. 1995 Feb;3(2):79-87. Review. 250.  Pastor CM, Billiar TR. Regulation and functions of nitric oxide in the liver in sepsis and inflammation. New Horiz. 1995 Feb;3(1):65-72. Review. 251.  Wong JM, Billiar TR. Regulation and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase during sepsis and acute inflammation. Adv Pharmacol. 1995;34:155-70. Review. 252.  Pastor CM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide causes hyporeactivity to phenylephrine in isolated perfused livers from endotoxin-treated rats. Am J Physiol. 1995 Jan;268(1 Pt 1):G177-82. 253.  Mueller AR, Platz KP, Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Nussler AK, Nalesnik M, Billiar TR, Schraut WH. The effects of administration of nitric oxide inhibitors during small bowel preservation and reperfusion. Transplantation. 1994 Dec 27;58(12):1309-16. 254.  Luss H, DiSilvio M, Litton AL, Molina y Vedia L, Nussler AK, Billiar TR. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis enhances the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein in a model of chronic liver inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Oct 28;204(2):635-40. 255.  Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Demetris AJ, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury during endotoxemia. Hepatology. 1994 Oct;20(4 Pt 1):1055-60. 256.  Mellouk S, Hoffman SL, Liu ZZ, de la Vega P, Billiar TR, Nussler AK. Nitric oxide-mediated antiplasmodial activity in human and murine hepatocytes induced by gamma interferon and the parasite itself: enhancement by exogenous tetrahydrobiopterin. Infect Immun. 1994 Sep;62(9):4043-6. 257.  Nussler AK, Liu ZZ, Di Silvio M, Sweetland MA, Geller DA, Lancaster JR Jr, Billiar TR, Freeswick PD, Lowenstein CL, Simmons RL. Hepatocyte inducible nitric oxide synthesis is influenced in vitro by cell density. Am J Physiol. 1994 Aug;267(2 Pt 1):C394-401. 258.  Su GL, Freeswick PD, Geller DA, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Wan YH, Billiar TR, Tweardy DJ, Simmons RL, Wang SC. Molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution of rat lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Evidence for extrahepatic expression. J Immunol. 1994 Jul 15;153(2):743-52. 259.  Freeswick PD, Wan Y, Geller DA, Nussler AK, Billiar TR. Remote tissue injury primes hepatocytes for nitric oxide synthesis. J Surg Res. 1994 Jul;57(1):205-9. 260.  Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR.  New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):E829-39. Review. 261.  Harbrecht BG, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide and prostaglandins interact to prevent hepatic damage during murine endotoxemia. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):G1004-10. 262.  Hattler BG, Gorcsan J 3rd, Shah N, Oddis CV, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Finkel MS. A potential role for nitric oxide in myocardial stunning. J Card Surg. 1994 May;9(3 Suppl):425-9. 263:  Jacob TD, Nakayama DK, Seki I, Exler R, Lancaster JR Jr, Sweetland MA, Yousem S, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, et al.  Hemodynamic effects and metabolic fate of inhaled nitric oxide in hypoxic piglets. J Appl Physiol. 1994 Apr;76(4):1794-801. 264.  Nakayama DK, Geller DA, Di Silvio M, Bloomgarden G, Davies P, Pitt BR, Hatakeyama K, Kagamiyama H, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and inducible nitric oxide production in pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 1994 Apr;266(4 Pt 1):L455-60. 265.  Chartrain NA, Geller DA, Koty PP, Sitrin NF, Nussler AK, Hoffman EP, Billiar TR, Hutchinson NI, Mudgett JS. Molecular cloning, structure, and chromosomal localization of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 4;269(9):6765-72. 266.  Shah NS, Nakayama DK, Jacob TD, Nishio I, Imai T, Billiar TR, Exler R, Yousem SA, Motoyama EK, Peitzman AB. Efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in a porcine model of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Surg. 1994 Feb;129(2):158-64. 267.  Geller DA, Freeswick PD, Nguyen D, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Shapiro RA, Wang SC, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Differential induction of nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes during endotoxemia and the acute-phase response. Arch Surg. 1994 Feb;129(2):165-71. 268.  Nussler AK, Billiar TR, Liu ZZ, Morris SM Jr. Coinduction of nitric oxide synthase and argininosuccinate synthetase in a murine macrophage cell line. Implications for regulation of nitric oxide production. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 14;269(2):1257-61. 269.  Geller DA, Billiar TR. Should surgeons clone genes? The strategy behind the cloning of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Arch Surg. 1993 Nov;128(11):1212-20. Review. 270.  Jacob TD, Ochoa JB, Udekwu AO, Wilkinson J, Murray T, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Marion DW, Peitzman AB. Nitric oxide production is inhibited in trauma patients. J Trauma. 1993 Oct;35(4):590-6; discussion 596-7. 271.  Geller DA, Di Silvio M, Nussler AK, Wang SC, Shapiro RA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide synthase expression is induced in hepatocytes in vivo during hepatic inflammation. J Surg Res. 1993 Oct;55(4):427-32. 272.  Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Stadler J, Simmons RL. Hepatocyte injury by activated neutrophils in vitro is mediated by proteases. Ann Surg. 1993 Aug;218(2):120-8. 273.  Nussler AK, Billiar TR. Inflammation, immunoregulation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Leukoc Biol. 1993 Aug;54(2):171-8. Review. 274.  Thomae KR, Geller DA, Billiar TR, Davies P, Pitt BR, Simmons RL, Nakayama DK. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in culture. Surgery. 1993 Aug;114(2):272-7. 275.  Geller DA, Nguyen D, Shapiro RA, Nussler A, Di Silvio M, Freeswick P, Wang SC, Tweardy DJ, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Cytokine induction of interferon regulatory factor-1 in hepatocytes. Surgery. 1993 Aug;114(2):235-42. 276.  Nussler AK, Geller DA, Sweetland MA, Di Silvio M, Billiar TR, Madariaga JB, Simmons RL, Lancaster JR Jr.  Induction of nitric oxide synthesis and its reactions in cultured human and rat hepatocytes stimulated with cytokines plus LPS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Jul 30;194(2):826-35. 277.  Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, Billiar TR. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3491-5. 278.  Stadler J, Bergonia HA, Di Silvio M, Sweetland MA, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Lancaster JR Jr.  Nonheme iron-nitrosyl complex formation in rat hepatocytes: detection by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Apr;302(1):4-11. 279.  Stadler J, Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Curran RD, Jordan ML, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.  Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits the synthesis of  cyclooxygenase products and interleukin-6 by rat Kupffer cells. J Leukoc Biol. 1993 Feb;53(2):165-72. 280.  Geller DA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Wang SC, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.   Cytokines, endotoxin, and glucocorticoids regulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):522-6. 281.  Geller DA, Kispert PH, Su GL, Wang SC, Di Silvio M, Tweardy DJ, Billiar TR, Simmons RL.  Induction of hepatocyte lipopolysaccharide binding protein in models of sepsis and the acute-phase response. Arch Surg. 1993 Jan;128(1):22-7; discussion 27-8. 282.  Di Silvio M, Geller DA, Gross SS, Nussler A, Freeswick P, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.  Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in hepatocytes is dependent on the coinduction of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;338:305-8. 283.  Molina y Vedia L, McDonald B, Reep B, Brune B, Di Silvio M, Billiar TR, Lapetina EG.  Nitric oxide-induced S-nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibits enzymatic activity and increases endogenous ADP-ribosylation. J Biol Chem. 1992 Dec 15;267(35):24929-32. Erratum in: J Biol Chem 1993 Feb 5;268(4):3016. 284.  Stadler J, Bentz BG, Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Curran RD, Billiar TR, Hoffman RA, Simmons RL. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits hepatocyte mitochondrial respiration. Ann Surg. 1992 Nov;216(5):539-46. 285.  Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Ochoa JB, Curran RD, Simmons RL.  Nitric oxide synthesis serves to reduce hepatic damage during acute murine endotoxemia. Crit Care Med. 1992 Nov;20(11):1568-74. 286.  Nakayama DK, Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Chern HD, Davies P, Pitt BR, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.   Cytokines and lipopolysaccharide induce nitric oxide synthase in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1992 Nov;7(5):471-6. Erratum in: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993 Aug;9(2):following 229. 287.  Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Ochoa J, Curran RD, Simmons RL. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during endotoxemia promotes intrahepatic thrombosis and an oxygen radical-mediated hepatic injury. J Leukoc Biol. 1992 Oct;52(4):390-4. 288.  Billiar TR, Simmons R.  The therapeutic use of L-arginine to increase nitric oxide production. Nutrition. 1992 Sep-Oct;8(5):371-3. 289.  Billiar TR, Hoffman RA, Curran RD, Langrehr JM, Simmons RL. A role for inducible nitric oxide biosynthesis in the liver in inflammation and in the allogeneic immune response. J Lab Clin Med. 1992 Aug;120(2):192-7. Review. 290.  Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Billiar TR, Hoffman RA, Geller DA, Selby R, Madariaga J, Simmons RL.  Stimulation of the nitric oxide synthase pathway in human hepatocytes by cytokines and endotoxin. J Exp Med. 1992 Jul 1;176(1):261-4. 291.  Ochoa JB, Curti B, Peitzman AB, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Hoffman R, Rault R, Longo DL, Urba WJ, Ochoa AC.  Increased circulating nitrogen oxides after human tumor immunotherapy: correlation with toxic hemodynamic changes.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992 Jun 3;84(11):864-7. Erratum in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1992 Aug 19;84(16):1291. 292.  Wren SM, Hoffman RA, Billiar TR, Abou el Ezz A, Hronakes ML, Ildstad ST. T-cell mitogenic responses in fully xenogeneic chimeras (WF rat----B10 mouse) are restored by blocking the L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide pathway. Transplant Proc. 1992 Apr;24(2):499-500. 293.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Harbrecht BG, Stadler J, Williams DL, Ochoa JB, Di Silvio M, Simmons RL, Murray SA.  Association between synthesis and release of cGMP and nitric oxide biosynthesis by hepatocytes. Am J Physiol. 1992 Apr;262(4 Pt 1):C1077-82. 294.  Langrehr JM, Dull KE, Ochoa JB, Billiar TR, Ildstad ST, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, Hoffman RA.  Evidence that nitric oxide production by in vivo allosensitized cells inhibits the development of allospecific CTL. Transplantation. 1992 Mar;53(3):632-40. 295.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Williams DL, Kispert PH.  Liver nonparenchymal cells are stimulated to provide interleukin 6 for induction of the hepatic acute-phase response in endotoxemia but not in remote localized inflammation. Arch Surg. 1992 Jan;127(1):31-6; discussion 36-7. 296.  Stadler J, Stefanovic-Racic M, Billiar TR, Curran RD, McIntyre LA, Georgescu HI, Simmons RL, Evans CH.  Articular chondrocytes synthesize nitric oxide in response to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol. 1991 Dec 1;147(11):3915-20. 297.  Ochoa JB, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Cerra FB, Simmons RL, Peitzman AB.  Nitrogen oxide levels in patients after trauma and during sepsis. Ann Surg. 1991 Nov;214(5):621-6. 298.  Billiar TR, Langrehr JM, Curran RD, Ochoa JB, Stadler J, Harbrecht BG, Hoffman RA, Simmons RL. Two unique aspects of inducible .N = O synthase in liver cells and accessory cells: hepatic damage is minimized by hepatocyte .N = O production and immunoregulation is mediated by macrophage .N = O production. Res Immunol. 1991 Sep;142(7):584-6; discussion 598-9. Review. 299.  Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Billiar TR, Lee KK, Schraut WH, Simmons RL.  Nitric oxide synthesis in the in vivo allograft response: a possible regulatory mechanism. Surgery. 1991 Aug;110(2):335-42. 300.  Stadler J, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Stuehr DJ, Ochoa JB, Simmons RL. Effect of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration of rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol. 1991 May;260(5 Pt 1):C910-6. 301.  Curran RD, Ferrari FK, Kispert PH, Stadler J, Stuehr DJ, Simmons RL, Billiar TR.  Nitric oxide and nitric oxide-generating compounds inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis. FASEB J. 1991 Apr;5(7):2085-92. 302.  Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Billiar TR, Lee KW, Schraut WH, Simmons RL.  Nitric oxide production regulates alloactivation in rat splenocyte mixed lymphocyte cultures. Transplant Proc. 1991 Feb;23(1 Pt 1):183-4. 303.  Stadler J, Curran RD, Ochoa JB, Harbrecht BG, Hoffman RA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR. Effect of endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration of rat hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Arch Surg. 1991 Feb;126(2):186-91. 304.  Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Lee KW, Billiar TR, Schraut WH, Simmons RL.  Sponge allograft effector cells exert suppressor function via an L-arginine-dependent mechanism. Transplant Proc. 1991 Feb;23(1 Pt 1):839-40. 305.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Harbrecht BG, Stuehr DJ, Demetris AJ, Simmons RL.  Modulation of nitrogen oxide synthesis in vivo: NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits endotoxin-induced nitrate/nitrate biosynthesis while promoting hepatic damage. J Leukoc Biol. 1990 Dec;48(6):565-9. 306.  Hoffman RA, Langrehr JM, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Simmons RL. Alloantigen-induced activation of rat splenocytes is regulated by the oxidative metabolism of L-arginine. J Immunol. 1990 Oct 1;145(7):2220-6. 307.  Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, Ochoa JB, Harbrecht BG, Flint SG, Simmons RL.  Multiple cytokines are required to induce hepatocyte nitric oxide production and inhibit total protein synthesis. Ann Surg. 1990 Oct;212(4):462-9; discussion 470-1. 308.  Billiar TR, Curran RD.  Kupffer cell and hepatocyte interactions: a brief overview. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990 Sep-Oct;14(5 Suppl):175S-180S. Review. 309.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Stuehr DJ, Stadler J, Simmons RL, Murray SA. Inducible cytosolic enzyme activity for the production of nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 May 16;168(3):1034-40. 310.  Lysz TW, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Simmons RL, Machiedo GW. Kupffer cell-hepatocyte interactions and the changes in 1-14C-arachidonate incorporation in response to endotoxin in vitro. Prostaglandins. 1990 May;39(5):497-514. 311.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Ferrari FK, Williams DL, Simmons RL. Kupffer cell:hepatocyte cocultures release nitric oxide in response to bacterial endotoxin. J Surg Res. 1990 Apr;48(4):349-53. 312.  Billiar TR, Lysz TW, Curran RD, Bentz BG, Machiedo GW, Simmons RL.  Hepatocyte modulation of Kupffer cell prostaglandin E2 production in vitro. J Leukoc Biol. 1990 Apr;47(4):305-11. 313.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, West MA, Hofmann K, Simmons RL. Kupffer cell cytotoxicity to hepatocytes in coculture requires L-arginine. Arch Surg. 1989 Dec;124(12):1416-20; discussion 1420-1. 314.  Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, Hofmann K, Simmons RL. Hepatocytes produce nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in response to inflammatory products of Kupffer cells. J Exp Med. 1989 Nov 1;170(5):1769-74. 315.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Stuehr DJ, Ferrari FK, Simmons RL. Evidence that activation of Kupffer cells results in production of L-arginine metabolites that release cell-associated iron and inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis. Surgery. 1989 Aug;106(2):364-71; discussion 371-2. 316.  Curran RD, Billiar TR, Kispert PH, Bentz BG, May MT, Simmons RL. Hepatocytes enhance Kupffer cell-mediated tumor cell cytostasis in vitro. Surgery. 1989 Aug;106(2):126-32. 317.  West MA, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Hyland BJ, Simmons RL. Evidence that rat Kupffer cells stimulate and inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis in vitro by different mechanisms. Gastroenterology. 1989 Jun;96(6):1572-82. 318.  Bankey PE, Billiar TR, Wang WY, Carlson A, Holman RT, Cerra FB. Modulation of Kupffer cell membrane phospholipid function by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Surg Res. 1989 May;46(5):439-44. 319.  Billiar TR, Curran RD, Stuehr DJ, West MA, Bentz BG, Simmons RL. An L-arginine-dependent mechanism mediates Kupffer cell inhibition of hepatocyte protein synthesis in vitro. J Exp Med. 1989 Apr 1;169(4):1467-72. 320.  Cerra FB, West M, Billiar TR, Holman RT, Simmons R. Hepatic dysfunction in multiple systems organ failure as a manifestation of altered cell-cell interaction. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;308:563-73. Review. 321.  Cerra FB, Mazuski JE, Bankey PE, Billiar TR, Holman RT.  Role of monokines in altering hepatic metabolism in sepsis. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;286:265-77. Review. 322.  West MA, Billiar TR, Mazuski JE, Curran RJ, Cerra FB, Simmons RL.  Endotoxin modulation of hepatocyte secretory and cellular protein synthesis is mediated by Kupffer cells. Arch Surg. 1988 Nov;123(11):1400-5. 323.  Curran RD, Billiar TR, West MA, Bentz BG, Simmons RL. Effect of interleukin 2 on Kupffer cell activation. Interleukin 2 primes and activates Kupffer cells to suppress hepatocyte protein synthesis in vitro. Arch Surg. 1988 Nov;123(11):1373-8. 324.  Billiar TR, Maddaus MA, West MA, Curran RD, Wells CA, Simmons RL. Intestinal gram-negative bacterial overgrowth in vivo augments the in vitro response of Kupffer cells to endotoxin. Ann Surg. 1988 Oct;208(4):532-40. 325.  Billiar TR, Bankey PE, Svingen BA, Curran RD, West MA, Holman RT, Simmons RL, Cerra FB.  Fatty acid intake and Kupffer cell function: fish oil alters eicosanoid and monokine production to endotoxin stimulation. Surgery. 1988 Aug;104(2):343-9. 326.  Billiar TR, Hanto DW, Simmons RL.  Inclusion of uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis in the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus infections in transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1988 Jul;46(1):159-61. 327.  Billiar TR, Maddaus MA, West MA, Dunn DL, Simmons RL. The role of intestinal flora on the interactions between nonparenchymal cells and hepatocytes in coculture. J Surg Res. 1988 Apr;44(4):397-403. 328.  Billiar TR, West MA, Hyland BJ, Simmons RL.  Splenectomy alters Kupffer cell response to endotoxin. Arch Surg. 1988 Mar;123(3):327-32. 329.  Billiar TR, West MA, Hyland BJ, Cerra FB, Simmons RL, Dunn DL. Murine monoclonal antibody directed against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits Kupffer cell activation by endotoxin in vitro. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;264:367-72. 330.  West MA, Billiar TR, Hyland BJ, Jordan ML, Simmons RL. Regulation of Kupffer cell-mediated alterations in hepatocyte protein synthesis in vitro. Curr Surg. 1987 Nov-Dec;44(6):467-9. No abstract available. 331.  Sturm JT, Billiar TR, Luxenberg MG, Perry JF.  Risk factors for the development of renal failure following the surgical treatment of traumatic aortic rupture. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987 Apr;43(4):425-7. 332.  Billiar TR, Abraham VS, Lee KK, Schraut WH. Comparative evaluation of antiperistaltic exit conduits, autologous smooth muscle wraps, and nipple valves for ileostomy continence. Curr Surg. 1986 May-Jun;43(3):211-3. 333.  Sturm JT, Billiar TR, Dorsey JS, Luxenberg MG, Perry JF Jr. Risk factors for survival following surgical treatment of traumatic aortic rupture. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985 May;39(5):418-21. 334.  Billiar TR, Garberoglio C, Schraut WH. Maltose absorption as an indicator of small-intestinal allograft rejection. J Surg Res. 1984 Jul;37(1):75-82.